Relationship between Abdominal Volume Index and Body Adiposity Index and Scales of Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome.

Introduction, objectives: Obesity is a global health problem with a great negative impact on health. Among the pathologies caused by obesity are insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, which constitute an increasingly common health problem in both developed and developing countries. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between two scales that assess obesity-based on hip circumference-and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance risk scales as predictors of these alterations. MATERIALS, METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out on 193,462 workers from different Spanish regions and work groups between January 2019 and September 2021. Abdominal volume index (AVI) and body adiposity index (BAI) were evaluated to assess obesity and its association with insulin resistance using three risk scales (TyG index, Triglycerides/HDL, and METS-IR), while their association with metabolic syndrome was determined using the NCEP ATP III, IDF, and JIS models. RESULTS: The results of the ROC curves to determine the predictive value of BAI and AVI in relation to the three criteria evaluated to calculate MetS in all instances presented a higher area under the curve (AUC) for AVI. The high values of AVI stand out for predicting MetS when applying the IDF criteria. The cut-off point in women was 13.70 with a Youden index of 0.802, whereas in men, the cut-off point was set at 17.59 with a Youden index of 0.672. Regarding the relationship of BAI and AVI with insulin resistance risk scales for both sexes, the AUC only revealed high values when using the METS-IR formula for both AVI and BAI. The AVI cut-off points to predict high values of insulin resistance risk scales in women were established at 13.12 with a Youden index of 0.722. In men, the cut-off point was 17.59, with a Youden index of 0.626. The BAI cut-off points in women were set at 33.88 with a Youden index of 0.748. In men, the cut-off point was 27.91, with a Youden index of 0.598. CONCLUSIONS: AVI demonstrated its value as a predictor of metabolic syndrome while exclusively applying the IDF criteria. AVI and BAI demonstrated their value as predictors of high values of insulin resistance risk scales only in the case of METS-IR. This predictive value is also higher in women.

Determination of the Level of Cardiovascular Risk in 172,282 Spanish Working Women.

Introduction, objectives: Although cardiovascular events have been traditionally associated mainly with men, some data reflect an increase in women, which may even exceed their male counterparts, constituting the leading cause of death in working women in Spain. The objective of this present study was to analyze the level of cardiovascular risk in Spanish working women by assessing the influence of age, type of work, and tobacco consumption. MATERIAL, METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 172,282 working women from different Spanish geographical areas and from different companies between January 2018 and June 2020. A range of variables and risk factors were assessed and various cardiovascular risk scales were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: An increase in cardiovascular risk was observed in the least qualified work groups, mainly corresponding to blue-collar workers, when using the SCORE or REGICOR risk equation. The prevalence of altered values for all the parameters analyzed (overweight and obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, fatty liver, hepatic fibrosis, atherogenic indexes, and cardiovascular risk scales) was higher among blue-collar women. Age was the only factor that influenced all the cardiovascular risk scales studied, increasing risk when comparing the group of women aged 50 years and older with the others. CONCLUSIONS: Aging and belonging to the blue-collar job category meant worse results in the cardiovascular risk scales and in all the parameters analyzed. This is in line with numerous studies that argue that age and zip code are more influential than genetic code.

Relationship between Atherogenic Dyslipidaemia and Lipid Triad and Scales That Assess Insulin Resistance.

BACKGROUND: Atherogenic dyslipidaemia (AD) and lipid triad (LT) are characterised by high triglyceride levels together with low HDL and normal or high LDL cholesterol and are favoured by a persistent state of insulin resistance (IR), which increases the release of free fatty acids from abdominal adipose tissue. This alteration in the lipid profile favours the accelerated development of atherosclerosis, which is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in all countries in the developed and developing world. One of the elements that plays a major role in the genesis of AD is IR. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between variables that assess atherogenic risk (AD and LT) and scales that assess the risk of presenting insulin resistance. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study of 418,343 workers was conducted to evaluate atherogenic dyslipidaemia and lipid triad; a relationship with three insulin resistance risk scales (Triglycerides/HDL, TyG index, METS-IR) was established. The usefulness of IR risk scales for predicting AD and LT was calculated by applying ROC curves, obtaining the area under the curve (AUC) and cut-off points with their sensitivity, specificity, and Youden index. Multivariate analysis was performed by binary logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of high-risk values for insulin resistance with all of the scales is much higher in people with AD and LT compared to those without. The ROC curves present us with an AUC with the three insulin resistance risk scales for the two dyslipidaemias studied with figures ranging between 0.856 and 0.991, which implies that the results are good/very good. CONCLUSIONS: A relationship between atherogenic dyslipidaemia and the three insulin resistance risk scales assessed is revealed, with higher IR mean values and prevalence in people with atherogenic dyslipidaemia and lipid triad. The three scales make it possible to adequately classify the presence of AD and LT. The highest AUC is presented by the triglycerides/HDL scale, with a result close to 1. METS-IR is the most recommended formula to estimate insulin resistance.

Determination of cardiovascular risk in Spanish veterinarians using different scaling methods.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are responsible for a significant morbimortality rate around the world. Due to the characteristics of their work, health care professionals, including veterinarians, are more prone to present this type of pathology. Objectives: To determine the level of cardiovascular risk using different scales in a group of veterinarians. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 610 Spanish veterinarians was conducted to assess cardiovascular risk scores, including 14 overweight and obesity scales, six fatty liver scales, six cardiovascular risk scales, four atherogenic indices, and three metabolic syndrome scales. Results: The prevalence of obesity among women was 7.95%, and 17.53% among men. Hypertension was present in 15.23% of women and 24.68% of men. Dyslipidemia affected 45% of women and 58.64% of men. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria was slightly over 10% while 10.90% of women and 14.93% of men showed moderate to high values on the Registre Gironí del Cor scale. Conclusions: There is a moderate to high level of cardiovascular risk among veterinarians in this group.

Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares são responsáveis por uma taxa de morbimortalidade significativa no mundo. Devido às características do seu trabalho, os profissionais de saúde, incluindo veterinários, são mais propensos a apresentar este tipo de patologia. Objetivos: Determinar o nível de risco cardiovascular utilizando diferentes escalas num grupo veterinários. Métodos: Estudo descritivo e transversal em 610 veterinários em que foram avaliadas diferentes escalas relacionadas com o risco cardiovascular, incluindo 14 escalas de excesso de peso e obesidade, seis de fígado gordo, seis de risco cardiovascular, quatro índices aterogênicos e três de síndrome metabólica. Resultados: A prevalência da obesidade foi de 7,95% nas mulheres e 17,53% nos homens. A hipertensão estava presente em 15,23% das mulheres e 24,68% dos homens. A dislipidemia afetou 45% das mulheres e 58,64% dos homens. A prevalência da síndrome metabólica com critérios da International Diabetes Federation foi ligeiramente superior a 10% enquanto valores moderados ou elevados da escala Registre Gironí del Cor foram encontrados em 10,90% das mulheres e 14,93% dos homens. Conclusões: Neste grupo de veterinários, o nível de risco cardiovascular pode ser considerado de moderado a elevado.

Differences in cardiovascular risk levels between cleaning staff and hotel housekeepers.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a greater incidence in the most disadvantaged social classes. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the level of cardiovascular risk in cleaning workers. METHODS: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study in 46.632 cleaning workers (40.169 women and 6.463 men). Thirty-one different scales related to cardiovascular risk were studied (14 assessing overweight and obesity, 5 determining the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 5 scales of cardiovascular risk, 4 atherogenic indices, and 3 scales of metabolic syndrome, among others). The results obtained were divided between personnel who perform their cleaning tasks in the hotel and catering industry and those in other sectors. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity and arterial hypertension in cleaning workers was over 20% in both sexes. A similar amount was observed in moderate or high values on the REGICOR (Registre GIroní del COR) scale. More than 15% presented metabolic syndrome according to the NCEP ATPIII (National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Program III) criteria, while over 10% of women and 20% of men had a high risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease assessed with the fatty liver index. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular risk is higher, in both sexes, in the group of cleaning workers who work in companies other than hotels.

Influencia de hábitos de vida y variables socio-demográficas en trabajadores españoles / Influence of lifestyle habits and socio-demographic variables in spanish workers

Justificación: Se conocen muchos factores que influyen en el riesgo cardiovascular, sin embargo, hay otros cuya influencia no está tan bien delimitada. Objetivo: Conocer la influencia de diferentes factores de riesgo en las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en 1.457 trabajadores de Mallorca. Para cada trabajador se elaboró una hoja de recogida de datos que incluía diferentes variables sociodemográficas, antropométricas, analíticas y clínicas. Los datos se analizaron mediante un análisis bivariante y multivariante. Resultados: En general, los individuos con una alta adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y con altos niveles de actividad física presentaron los mejores valores en todas las variables analizadas relacionadas con el riesgo cardiovascular. Además, estos mismos individuos también presentaron una menor prevalencia de valores alterados de los parámetros estudiados. Ser menor de 50 años y ser mujer fue un factor protector para no presentar valores elevados en los parámetros asociados al riesgo cardiovascular. Conclusiones: La dieta, la actividad física, la edad y el sexo tienen una influencia directa sobre las variables asociadas al riesgo cardiovascular. (AU)

Justification: Many factors that influence cardiovascular risk are known and there are others whose influence is not so well defined. Objective: To know the influence of different risk factors in cardiovascular diseases. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study in a sample of 1.457 workers from Mallorca. For each worker, a data collection sheet was prepared that included different sociodemographic, anthropometric, analytical and clinical variables. Data were analyzed using a bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: In general, individuals with a alto adherence to a Mediterranean diet and with alto levels of physical activity presented the best values in all the analyzed variables related to cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, these same individuals also presented a lower prevalence of altered values of the parameters studied. Being under 50 years of age and being a woman was a protective factor against presenting alto values in parameters associated to cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: Diet, physical activity, age and sex have a direct influence on the variables associated to cardiovascular risk. (AU)

Determination of Cardiovascular Risk in 56,262 Spanish Construction Workers: Cardiovascular Risk in Construction Workers.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate different cardiovascular risk scales in construction workers. METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in 56,262 Spanish construction workers. Scales of obesity and fatty liver, metabolic syndrome, atherogenic indices, and cardiovascular risk scales, among others, were assessed. RESULTS: In women, 19.6% were obese, 18.2% hypertensive, 12.6% had metabolic syndrome, 12% were at high risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and 4.3% were at moderate or high risk on the SCORE scale. In men, 20.1% were obese, 30.1% hypertensive, 17.5% had metabolic syndrome, and 27.6% had high or moderate risk on the SCORE scale. CONCLUSIONS: Knowing the cardiovascular risk of a large number of construction workers by means of a large number of scales may be of great interest to occupational health professionals, as it may enable them to establish prevention strategies.

Cardiometabolic risk profile in relation to the practice of healthy habits in a sample of Spanish workers

Insulin resistance is a pathological entity that can lead to alterations in lipid metabolism and can increase cardiovascular risk. Objective. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different sociodemographic variables such as age, sex and social class and healthy habits such as smoking, physical activity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet on the cardiometabolic profile of Spanish workers. Material and methods. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in 1457 Spanish workers in an attempt to evaluate the effect of healthy habits (physical exercise determined with the IPAQ questionnaire, Mediterranean diet and tobacco consumption) and sociodemographic variables (age, sex and social class) on the values of different insulin resistance scales. Results. The progressive increase in the level of physical activity and high adherence to the Mediterranean diet achieved an improvement in the mean values and in the prevalence of elevated values in all the insulin resistance scales analyzed in this study. Age over 50 years and belonging to the least favored social classes (social classes II-III) were the variables that increased the risk of presenting insulin resistance. Male sex also increased the risk of presenting insulin resistance. Conclusions. The different healthy habits such as vigorous physical exercise and high adherence to the Mediterranean diet improve the values of the different scales that assess insulin resistance(AU)

La resistencia a la insulina es una entidad patológica que puede provocar alteraciones en el metabolismo de los lípidos y puede aumentar el riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivo. En este trabajo se pretende valorar la influencia de diferentes variables sociodemográficas como la edad, el sexo y la clase social y hábitos saludables como el consumo de tabaco, la actividad física y la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea en el perfil cardiometabólico de trabajadores españoles. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en 1457 trabajadores españoles intentando evaluar el efecto de los hábitos saludables (ejercicio físico determinado con el cuestionario IPAQ, dieta mediterránea y consumo de tabaco) y las variables sociodemográficas (edad, sexo y clase social) sobre los valores de diferentes escalas de resistencia a la insulina. Resultados. El aumento progresivo del nivel de actividad física y la alta adherencia a la dieta mediterránea consiguieron una mejoría en los valores medios y en la prevalencia de los valores elevados en todas las escalas de resistencia a la insulina analizadas en este estudio. La edad por encima de los 50 años y la pertenencia a las clases sociales menos favorecidas (clases sociales II-III) fueron las variables que aumentaron el riesgo de presentar resistencia a la insulina. El sexo masculino también incrementó el riesgo de presentar resistencia a la insulina. Conclusiones. Los diferentes hábitos saludables como el ejercicio físico vigoroso y la alta adherencia a la dieta mediterránea mejoran los valores de las diferentes escalas que valoran resistencia a la insulina(AU)

Study of the use of a personalized peripheral sealing device on surgical face masks in high-risk situations against COVID-19.

A significant number of health care professionals subjected to high-risk situations have been infected by Covid-19 due to the lack of adequate protection equipment or the deficient safety margins that these present. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of a personal peripheral sealing device (PSD) on surgical face masks (SM) allows them to achieve double mask properties, by providing two-way protection to professionals or users. The proposed device is a thermoplastic resin ring composed of a reusable and biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) designed to be used in a healthcare setting. Since it is a thermoplastic device, it can be molded and adapted to each individual, becoming personalized and ensuring a correct adjustment to the user's face. First, a qualitative fit test was performed using a saccharin solution (SS) to evaluate respiratory protective equipment in recruited professionals exposed to high-risk situations of infection by Covid-19. Individuals were divided into an intervention group, who used SM with the PSD, and a control group, who used SM without the PSD. In addition, a quantitative inward air leakage fit test was performed using a 2% sodium chloride (NaCl) aerosol in a sealed cabinet with probes sensitive to this substance, in order to validate the SM with the PSD as a Face Filtering Mask (FFP). Only 5% of the individuals who performed the qualitative fit test with the PSD perceived the sweet taste of the SS, while 100% of the individuals who performed the test without the PSD sensed it (p = 0.0001). In the quantitative fit test, the percentage of air leakage of 2% NaCl aerosol into the SM with the PSD was 6.5%, achieving the same range of air leakage as a FFP mask. Thus, the use of a personalized PLA thermoplastic PSD, together with an inexpensive and widely available SM, could have a significant impact in terms of preventive safety by providing bi-directional protection to its user.

Determination of different cardiovascular risk scales in Spanish teaching staff: associated variables / Determinación de diferentes escalas de riesgo cardiovascular en el profesorado español: variables asociadas

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is currently one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases, affecting nearly 57% of the world’s population, accounting for 32% of deaths worldwide. The aim of the study is to determine the cardiovascular risk of teaching staff. Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional study carried out on 4,738 teachers from different Spanish geographical areas with a mean age of 41 years. Different variables related to cardiovascular risk are determined, such as overweight and obesity scales, nonalcoholic fatty liver scales, atherogenic indices, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk scales, among others. Results: Among the results we highlight a prevalence of hypercholesterolemia of 41%, hyperteriglyceridemia 12.1%, hypertension 15.5%, obesity using BMI 13%, high risk of fatty liver 11.3% and moderate or high SCORE values 11.4%. Conclusion: The teaching staff is not free from developing CVD that we can relate to the lack of physical activity and an unhealthy diet that increases the prevalence of obesity and overweight. (AU)

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son actualmente una de las enfermedades no transmisibles más prevalentes, ya que afectan a casi el 57% de la población mundial siendo responsables del 32% de las muertes en el mundo. El objetivo del estudio es conocer el riesgo cardiovascular del personal docente. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y transversal realizado en 4.738 profesores de diferentes zonas geográficas españolas con una edad media de 41 años. Se determinan diferentes variables relacionadas con el riesgo cardiovascular, como escalas de sobrepeso y obesidad, escalas de hígado graso no alcohólico, índices aterogénicos, síndrome metabólico y escalas de riesgo cardiovascular, entre otras. Resultados: Entre los resultados destacamos una prevalencia de hipercolesterolemia del 41%, hiperterigliceridemia del 12,1%, hipertensión del 15,5%, obesidad mediante IMC del 13%, alto riesgo de hígado graso del 11,3% y valores de SCORE moderados o altos del 11,4%. Conclusión: El profesorado no está exento de desarrollar ECV que podemos relacionar con la falta de actividad física y una dieta poco saludable que aumenta la prevalencia de obesidad y sobrepeso. (AU)